The Human Health Mosaic- study guide 1

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus; includes protists, plants, fungi and animals

Connective tissues, Muscle tissues, Epithelial tissue, nervous tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses, made up by the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Organelles divid the cytoplasm into compartments within which specialized activities take place

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

The life of a cell divided into three stages: interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein

Transportation, regulation, protection

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

Is the organ system composed of the heart and blood vessels. Distributes blood, delivers nutrients, and removes waste

is the body’s transportation network. Our bodies are too large and complex for diffusion alone to distribute materials efficiently. This system provides a means to distribute vital chemicals from one part of the body to another quickly enough to sustain life. The heart rate and the diameter of certain blood vessels are continually being adjusted in prompt response to the body’s changing needs.
o Transportation of substances
o Regulation of temperature, pH, and water content of ells
o Protection

The pathway that transports blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary circuit begins in the right atrium, as veins return oxygen-poor blood from the systemic circuit. The blood then moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Contraction of the right ventricle pumps poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk, which divides to form the left and right pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The now oxygen-rich blood is delivered to the left atrium through pulmonary veins, two from each lung. The pathway of blood pumped through the pulmonary circuit by the right side of the heart

the pathway of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the cells of the body and back to the right atrium. The systematic circuit begins when oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium. Blood then flows to the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, oxygenated blood is pushed through the largest artery in the body, the aorta. The aorta arches over the top of the heart and gives rise to the smaller arteries that eventually feed the capillary beds of the body tissues. The venous system collects the oxygen-depleted blood and eventually culminates in veins that return the blood to the right atrium. These veins are the superior vena cava, which delivers blood from regions above the heart, and the inferior vena cava, which returns blood from regions below the heart. Thus, the pathway of blood through the systemic circuit pumped by the left side of the heart

Right atrium —> AV (tricuspid) valve —> right ventricle —> pulmonary semilunar valve —> pulmonary trunk —> pulmonary arteries —> lungs —> pulmonary veins —> left atrium

Left atrium —> AV (bicuspid or mitral) valve —> left ventricle —> aortic semilunar valve —> aorta —> body tissues —> inferior vena cava or superior vena cava —> right atrium

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
Systolic pressure/ diastolic prssure

P wave- atria retract
QRS wave- ventricles contract
T wave- recovery

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

includes the nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box: epiglottis), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs.

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle.

Organelle that packages and distributes proteins

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

the splitting of glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvate. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and is the starting point for cellular respiration and fermentation. Glucose —> 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (-2 ATP)

the phase of cellular respiration that follows glycolysis and involves pyruvate reacting with coenzyme A (CoA) in the matrix of the mitochondrion to form acetyl CoA. The acetyl CoA then enters the citric acid cycle. 2 pyruvate —> 2 acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2

the cyclic series of chemical reactions that follows the transition reaction and yields two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (one from each acetyl CoA that enters the cycle) and several molecules of nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), carriers of high-energy electrons that enter the electron transport chain. This phase of cellular respiration occurs inside the mitochondrion and is sometimes called the Krebs cycle. 2 acetyl CoA —> 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

a series of carrier proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that receives electrons from the molecules of nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. During the transfer of electrons from one molecule to the next, energy is released, and this energy is then used to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain.

the chromosomes begin to thicken and shorten, the nucleolus disappears, the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the mitosis spindle forms in the cytoplasm.

the chromosomes, guided by the fibers of the mitosis spindle, form a line at the center of the cell. As a result of this alignment, when the chromosomes split at the centromere, each daughter cell receives one chromatic from each chromosome and those a complete set of the parent cell’s chromosomes.

the chromatids of each chromosome begin to separate, splitting at the centromere. Now separate entities, the chromatids are considered chromosomes, and they move toward opposite poles of the cell

a nuclear envelope forms around the group of chromosomes at each pole, the mitotic spindle is disassembled, and nucleoli reappear. The chromosomes also become less condensed and more threadlike in appearance