The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first large-scale, computer. The ENIAC was built for the military to calculate the paths of artillery shells. Later on it was used to make calculation for nuclear weapons research, weather predictions, and wind tunnel design. “The ENIAC was brought in to use inn February of 1946 and was used unit October 1955” (Encarta). The creators of the ENIAC were American physicist John W. Mauchly and American Electrical engineer John Persper Eckert, Jr. at Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania.
Eckert and Mauchly demonstrated the ENIAC less than three years after the Army commissioned its construction. In 1947 the ENIAC moved from the University of Pennsylvania to its permanent home at the Aberdeen Proving ground in Maryland. “Only one system of its type was ever built, but operated continuously until October 1955” (Encarta). The ENIAC was very different than modern day computers, which use microprocessors composed of thousands or millions of transistors; the ENIAC used vacuum tubes to process data.
It had approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes, which were about the size of a small light bulb. The ENIAC was composed of 30 separate units with power supplies and cooling units; all together the whole unit weighed more than 30 tons, and took up 1800 sq. ft. and consumed 175Kw of power. The ENIAC could perform about 5000 calculations per second, more than 10,000 times slower that most modern day computers. The ENIAC took about 20 seconds to calculate problems that took humans two to three days to do manually.
Initially, scientists programmed and entered data into ENIAC by manually setting switches and rewiring the machine. Later a more efficient IBM punch-card reading machine was used to input data, while another IBM punch card machine was used to store data. When the ENIAC completed a calculation, it would notify operators by turning on a sequence of lights or punching certain sequences of cards. The ENIAC was designed to calculate continuously all day and all night.
However its circuitry and vast number of vacuum tubes tended to burn out, the ENIAC was continuously down to be serviced, which caused the ENIAC to be down one third of the that is could be working. As soon as Eckert and Mauchly completed the ENIAC’s design, the signed a contract to build a successor, which was called the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), this more efficient design reduced the number of vacuum tubes down to only 4000.
The commercial available computer was the UNIVAC I it was also the first computer to handle both numerical and textural information. This computer was built by the same people who also invented the ENIAC and the EDVAC. “The UNIVAC I was delivered to the U. S. Bureau of Censes in 1951” (Encarta). With the invention of the transistor in 1948 it was a turning point in the history of electronics. Transistors are composed of a semiconductor material-that is, a substance that can act as either a conductor or an insulator.
Transistors quickly replaced vacuum tubes for amplifying electronic signals in many devices ranging from radios to telephone and many other military devices. Without bulky heat-generating vacuum tubes, electronic devices became more portable and also more powerful. In the late 1960’s integrated circuits, tiny transistors and other electrical components arranged on a single chip of silicon, replaced individual transistors in computers. “Integrated circuits became miniaturized, enabling more components to be designed into a single circuit” (Encarta).
Everyone in the computer business started to use integrated circuit technology, because it was cheaper and made smaller computers. “One of the first personal computers was sold by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems. The Altair 8800 appeared inn 1975, featuring the Intel 8-bit 8080 processor, the computer also had 256 bytes of ram. The computer received input through switches on the front panel”(Encarta). The Altair displayed information with LED’s (light emitting diodes). With the completion of the first personal computer there were many advances in the near future.
Some of the advances were video display monitors, storage devices such as five and one half inch floppy disc, then upgraded to three and one half inch floppy. One of the first operating systems to be used with the new storage that was invented was created by Xerox. Their operating system was very successful and used on Apple Computers Macintosh machine. Now there are many others operating systems available such as Windows, UNIX, LINUX, and Red Hat. These operating systems are what we use to access millions of things on the Internet, CD-ROMs, floppy discs and many other forms of media.
