By late 1958 Castro was still fighting a guerilla war against the Fulgencio Batista. Before he came to power, there was an incident between his troops and some vacationing American troops from the nearby American naval base at Guantanamo Bay. During the incident some U. S. Marines were held captive by Castros forces but were later released after a ransom was secretly paid. Because of what happened the United States and the chief of U. S. Naval Operations, Admiral Burke, wanted to send in the Marines to destroy Castro’s forces but Secretary of State Foster Dulles didnt want any of that to happen.

Castro overthrew Batista in 1959. Originally Castro was not a communist. Fearful of Castro’s revolution, people with money, like doctors, lawyers, and the Mafia, left Cuba for the United States. To prevent the loss of more capital Castro’s solution was to nationalize some of the businesses in Cuba. In the process of nationalizing some business he came into conflict with American interests . U. S. businesses were taken over, and the process of socialization began with little if any talk of compromise.

There were also rumors of Cuban involvement in trying to invade Panama, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic and by this time Castro had been turn down by the United States for any aid. Being rejected by the Americans, he met with foreign minister Anasta Mikoyan to secure a $100 million loan from the Soviet Union. It was then that the American Intelligence and Foreign Relations communities decided that Castro was leaning towards communism and had to be dealt with.

In the spring of 1960, President Eisenhower approved a plan to send small groups of American trained, Cuban exiles, to work underground as guerrillas to overthrow Castro. By the fall, the plan was changed to a full invasion with air support by exile Cubans in American supplied planes. The group was to be trained in Panama, but with the growth of the operation and the quickening pace of events in Cuba, it was decided to move things to a base in Guatemala. The plan was rushed. The man in charge of the operation was CIAs Deputy Director Richard Bissell.

President Kennedy could have stopped the invasion or at least slowed it down if he wanted to, but he probably didn’t do so for his own reasons. For one, his campaign called for some form of action against Cuba , and to back out now would mean having groups of Cuban exiles going around talking about how the U. S. backed down from Cuba. If they backed out the competition with the Soviet Union would make the Americans look like wimps. The failure of the CIA led to Kennedy making poor choices which would affect the way Cuba and the Soviet Union felt about the U. S..

There were several reasons why the CIA had messed up. First the wrong people were handling the operation, second the agency in charge of the operation was also the one providing all the intelligence, and thirdly for an organization supposedly obsessed with security the operation had security problems. The ones in charge of the operation were the Director of Central Intelligence, Allan Dulles and main responsibility for the operation was left to one of their men, Richard Bissell. These two people in charge lacked experiance in dealing with things like the operation.

The situation in Cuba was much different than that in Guatemala. In Guatemala the situation was still chaotic and Arbenz never had the same control over the country that Castro had on Cuba. The CIA had the United States Ambassador, John Puerifoy, working on the inside of Guatemala coordinating the effort. After the overthrow of the government in Guatemala, Castro was fearful that at anytime there might be an invasion so he had to make sure he stayed on his toes. Another problem was with the CIA itself.

Since they were new they seemed to want to prove to everyone that they where the best so they started with Cuba. Wanting the invasion to be kept secret they left out some of their top advisors such as intelligence wing of CIA, and their Board of National Estimates. Also kept out of were the State Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff who could have provided military help. In the end, the CIA kept all the information for itself and passed on to the president only what it thought he should see. Most of the White House aides disagreed with the plan as well.

But Kennedy only listened to what the CIA told him. For an organization that dealt with security there had been some poor choices made. President Kennedy’s Secretary of State Dean Rusk said that The CIA told us all sorts of things about the situation in Cuba and what would happen once the brigade got ashore. President Kennedy received information which simply was wrong. After the invasion the B-26 planes flew back to Florida and landed there. When the planes arrived though a reporter took a pictures of one of the planes and put it in the newspaper.

At first no one noticed that the picture that had been taken showed that the tip of the B-26 was opaque but Cuban planes had a Plexiglas nose. All Castro would have to do is look in the paper and see that there was something strange about the so called Cuban planes that had bombed them. In the administration itself, the Bay of Pigs crisis lead to a few changes. First someone had to take the fall for the invasion so, as Director of Central Intelligence, Allen Dulles was forced to resign and left CIA in November of 1961. After Dulles left the CIA never seemed to be the same again.

Though the CIA still held operations against Castro they were never on the same scale. The CIA later became under the control of the Presidents brother. In the end, the lessons learned from the Bay of Pigs failure may have contributed to the successful handling of the Cuban missile crisis that followed. In the long run the Bay of Pigs invasion didnt seem to benefit anyone. We can see that Castro is still in power over Cuba and all we did to help that was to scare Castro into thinking everyone was going to turn on him so now people in Cuba suffer for what the U. S. had done.

This not only shows the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, but American policy towards Cuba in general. Since Castro is still around we go through wars, and even a cold one, in which people die becuase of the inept action of Americans. When Castro first came to power he tried to help the people and show them who they should trust and he even tried to end corruption. Now having no help from the Soviet Union things are beginning to change. He has used the economy to invest and taken things away in which people should have mainly in telecommunications, oil and exploration.

In an attempt to stay in power, he is trying to adjust his country to the new reality of the world. Rather than keeping the educated from public knowledge, he is giving them a place in controlling Cuba. What I want to know is the so called educated people just going to sit by and listen to Castro all their lives or are they going to try and over run him and fight for more power then they already have? When Castro came to power in 1959 the only opponents he had to worry about in both the U. S. and in Guatemala where in the business area such as marketing.

The pressure for the Americans to do something about Castro came, not only from the Cuban exiles in Florida, but from those businesses. Now since Americans did invade Cuba we are noticing large amounts of money being lost just for an invasion that didnt work. It is estimated that if we could trade with Cuba $1 billion of business would be generated for US companies that first year. Now 100 firms have gone to Cuba to talk about doing business with Cuba sometime in the near future. But will the U. S. except trade with Cuba

The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency, a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers. Ironically thirty-four years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understand the origins of the invasion and its ramifications it is first necessary to look at the invasion.

Part I: The Invasion and it’s Origins The Bay of Pigs invasion started on April 15th, 1961 with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cuban air force pilots. At 6:00 a. m. on Saturday B-26 bombers bombed three Cuban military bases. The airfields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de los Baos and Antonio Maceo Airport at Santiago de Cuba were also fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and forty-seven people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect to the United States.

The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were “carried out by Cubans inside Cuba who were in contact with the top command of the Revolutionary Council” The NY Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after “a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike” Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, one landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a. m. and the other at Miami International airport at 8:20 a. m. Both planes were badly damaged and their tanks were nearly empty.

On the front page of the NY Times the next day, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one of the pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, his name was withheld. A sense of conspiracy began to envelop the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. In the true cloak and dagger spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2:00 a. m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights to indicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as well as to clear the area of anything that may impede the main landing teams when they arrived.

At 2:30 a. m. and at 3:00 a. m. o battalions came ashore at Playa Giren and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troops at Playa Giren had orders to move northwest up the coast and meet with the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group of men were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it as well. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hard on the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered T-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies and two B-26s into the air to stop the invading forces.

Off the coast were the command and control ship and another vessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban Air Force made quick work of the supply ships, sinking the command vessel the Marsopa and the supply ship the Houston, which was also carrying the 5th battalion. With some of the invading forces ships destroyed, and no command and control ship, the logistics of the operation soon broke down as the other supply ships were kept at bay by Castros air force. As with many failed military adventures one of the problems with this one was supplying the troops. In the air, Castro had easily won superiority over the invading force. His fast moving T-33s made short work of the slow moving B-26s of the invading force.

On Tuesday two were shot out of the sky and by Wednesday the invaders had lost ten of their twelve aircraft. With air power firmly in control by Castros forces the end was near for the invading army. By Wednesday the invaders were pushed back to their landing zone at Playa Giren. Surrounded by Castros forces some began to surrender while others fled into hills. In total 114 men were killed in the slaughter while thirty-six died as prisoners in Cuban cells. The rest stayed in a Cuban prison for twenty years or more. The origins of American policy in Latin America in the late 50’s and early 60’s have its origins in Americans economic interests and its anticommunist policies in the region.

George Kennan, who had helped formulate American containment policy towards the Soviet threat, also helped formulate Americas policies in Latin America. In 1950 he spoke to US Chiefs of Mission in Rio de Janeiro about Latin America. He said that American policy had several purposes in the region, “To protect the vital supplies of raw materials which Latin American countries export to the USA; to prevent the military exploitation of Latin America by the enemy (The Soviet Union); and to avert the psychological mobilization of Latin America against us. ” By the 1950s trade with Latin America accounted for a quarter of American exports and 80 per cent of the investment in Latin America was also American. The Americans had a vested interest in the region that it would remain pro-American.

In late 1958 Castro was still fighting a guerilla war against the corrupt regime of Fulgencio Batista. Before he came to power, there was an incident between his troops and some American troops from the nearby American naval base at Guantanamo Bay. During the incident some US Marines were held captive by Castros forces but were later released after a ransom was secretly paid. This episode soured relations with the U. S. and the Chief of U. S. Naval Operations, Admiral Burke. Burke wanted to send in the Marines to destroy Castros forces then but the Secretary of State Foster Dulles disagreed with the measures suggested and stopped the plan. Castro overthrew Batista in 1959.

Originally, Castro was not a communist and even had meetings with then Vice-President Richard Nixon. Fearful of Castros revolution people with money, doctors, lawyers and the mafia left Cuba for the United States. To prevent the loss of more capital Castros solution was to nationalize some of the businesses in Cuba. In the process of nationalizing some business he came into conflict with American interests just as had happen in Guatemala. Legitimate U. S. Businesses were taken over. The process of socialization began with little if any talk of compensation. There were also rumors of Cuban involvement in trying to invade Panama, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.

Castro was also turned down by the United States for economic aid. Being rejected by the Americans, he met with foreign minister Anasta Mikoyan to secure a $100 million loan from the Soviet Union. It was in this atmosphere that the American Intelligence and Foreign Relations communities decided that Castro was leaning towards communism and had to be dealt with. In the spring of 1960, President Eisenhower approved a plan to send small groups of American trained Cuban exiles to work in the underground as guerrillas to overthrow Castro. By the fall, the plan was changed to a full invasion with air support by exile Cubans in American supplied planes.

The original group was to be trained in Panama, but with the growth of the operation and the quickening pace of events in Cuba, it was decided to move things to a base in Guatemala. The plan was becoming rushed and this would start to show, the man in charge of the operation, CIA Deputy Director Bissell said that, “There didnt seem to be time to keep to the original plan and have a large group trained by this initial cadre of young Cubans. So the larger group was formed and established at La Finch, Guatemala, and there the training was conducted entirely by Americans” It was now fall and a new president had been elected. President Kennedy could have stopped the invasion if he wanted to, but he probably didnt do so for several reasons.

Firstly, he had campaigned for some form of action against Cuba and it was also the height of the cold war, to back out now would mean having groups of Cuban exiles traveling around the globe saying how the Americans had backed down on the Cuba issue. In competition with the Soviet Union, backing out would make the Americans look like wimps on the international scene, and for domestic consumption the new president would be seen as backing away from one of his campaign promises.

The second reason Kennedy probably didnt abort the operation is the main reason why the operation failed, problems with the CIA. Part II: Failure and Ramifications The failures at the CIA led to Kennedy making poor decisions, which would affect future relations with Cuba and the Soviet Union. The failure at CIA had three causes. First, the wrong people were handling the operation.

Second the agency in charge of the operation was also the one providing all the intelligence for the operation. Third, for an organization supposedly obsessed with security the operation had security problems. In charge of the operation was the Director of Central Intelligence, Allan Dulles and the main responsibility was left to one of his deputies, Richard Bissell. In an intelligence community geared mainly for European operations against the USSR, both men were lacking experience in Latin American affairs. Those in charge of Operation Pluto based this operation on the success of operations in Guatemala. In Guatemala the situation was still chaotic.

The CIA had the United States Ambassador John Puerifoy working on the inside of Guatemala coordinating the effort. In Cuba they had none of this and the Soviet block was supplying Castro. In addition, after the overthrow of the government in Guatemala Castro was aware that this might happen to him as well and probably had his guard up waiting for the anything that might indicate that invasion was imminent. The second problem was the nature of the bureaucracy itself. The CIA was a new kid on the block and still felt that it had to prove itself, it saw its opportunity in Cuba. Obsessed with secrecy, it kept the number of people involved to a minimum. The intelligence wing of CIA was kept out of it.

Their Board of National Estimates could have provided information on the situation in Cuba and the chances for an uprising against once the invasion started. Also kept out of the loop were the State Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff who could have provided help on the military side of the operation. In the end, the CIA kept all the information for itself and passed on to the president only what it thought he should see. Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, in the Political Science Quarterly of 1984, based his analysis of the Bay of Pigs failure on organizational behavior theory.

He says that the CIA “supplied President Kennedy and his advisors with chosen reports on the unreliability of Castros forces and the extent of Cuban dissent. Of the CIAs behavior he concludes that, By resorting to the typical organization strategy of defining the options and providing the information required to evaluate them, the CIA thus structured the problem in a way that maximized the likelihood the president would choose the agencys preferred option” The CIA made sure the deck was stacked in their favor when the time came to decide whether a project they sponsored was sound or not. President Kennedys Secretary of State at the time was Dean Rusk, in his autobiography he says that, “The CIA told us all sorts of things about the situation in Cuba and what would happen once the brigade got ashore. President Kennedy received information, which simply was not correct.

For example, we were told that elements of the Cuban armed forces would defect and join the brigade, that there would be popular uprisings throughout Cuba when the brigade hit the beach, and that if the exile force got into trouble, it’s members would simply melt into the countryside and become guerillas, just as Castro had done” As for the senior White House aides, most of them disagreed with the plan as well, but Rusk says that Kennedy went with what the CIA had to say. As for himself, he said that he “did not serve President Kennedy very well” and that he should have voiced his opposition louder. He concluded “I should have made my opposition clear in the meetings because he was under pressure from those who wanted to proceed. ” When faced with biased information from the CIA and quiet advisors, it is no wonder that the president decided to go ahead with the operation.

For an organization that deals with security issues, the CIAs lack of security in the in the Bay of Pigs operation is ironic. Security began to break down before the invasion when The New York Times reporter Tad Szulc “learned of Operation Pluto from Cuban friends”earlier that year while in Costa Rica covering an Organization of American States meeting. Another breakdown in security was at the training base in Florida, “Local residents near Homestead[air force base] had seen Cubans drilling and heard their loudspeakers at a farm. As a joke some firecrackers were thrown into the compound” The ensuing incident saw the Cubans firing their guns and the federal authorities having to convince the local authorities not to press charges.

Operation Pluto was beginning to get blown wide open, the advantage of surprise was lost even this early in the game. After the initial bombing raid of April15th, and the landing of the B-26s in Florida, pictures of the planes were taken and published in newspapers. In the photo of one of the planes, the nose of it is opaque whereas the model of the B-26 the Cubans really used had a plexiglass nose, “The CIA had taken the pains to disguise the B-26 with “FAR” markings [Cuban Air Force], the agency overlooked a crucial detail that was spotted immediately by professional observers” All Castros people had to do was read the newspapers and theyd know that something was going to happen, that those planes that had bombed them were not their own but American.

In The New York Times of the 21st of April, stories about the origins of the operation in the Eisenhower administration appeared along with headlines in The New York Times stating that “CIA is Accused by Bitter Rebels” and on the second page of that days issue is a full article on the details of the operation from it’s beginnings. The conclusion one can draw from the articles in The New York Times is that if reporters knew the whole story by the 22nd, it can be expected that Castros intelligence service and that of the Soviet Union knew about the planned invasion as well. Tad Szulcs report in the April 22nd edition of The New York Times says it all, “As has been an open secret in Florida and Central America for months, the CIA planned, coordinated and directed the operations that ended in defeat on a beachhead in southern Cuba Wednesday. ”

It is clear then that part of the failure of the operation was caused by a lack of security and attention to detail on the part of the Central Intelligence Agency and misinformation given to the president. On the international scene, the Bay of Pigs invasion lead directly to increased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the invasion messages were exchanged between Kennedy and Khrushchev regarding the events in Cuba. Khrushchev accused the Americans of being involved in the invasion and stated in one of his messages that a, “.. So-called “small war” can produce a chain reaction in all parts of the worldwe shall render the Cuban people and their Government all necessary assistance in beating back the armed attack on Cuba”

Kennedy replied giving American views on democracy and the containment of communism, he also warned against Soviet involvement in Cuba saying to Khrushchev, “In the event of any military intervention by outside force we will immediately honor our obligations under the inter-American system to protect this hemisphere against external aggression” Even though this crisis passed, it set the stage for the next major crisis over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba and probably led to the Soviets increasing their military support for Castro. In the administration itself, the Bay of Pigs crisis led to a few changes. First, someone had to take the blame for the affair and, as Director of Central Intelligence; Allen Dulles was force to resign and left the CIA in November of 1961.

Internally the CIA was never the same, although it continued with covert operations against Castro, it was on a much-reduced scale. According to a report of the Select Senate Committee on Intelligence, future operations were “to nourish a spirit of resistance and disaffection which could lead to significant defections, and other by-products of unrest. ” The CIA also became under the supervision of the presidents brother Attorney General Bobby Kennedy. According to Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, the outcome of the Bay of Pigs failure also made the White House suspicious of any operation that everyone agreed to. In the end, the lessons learned from the Bay of Pigs failure may have contributed to the successful handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis that followed.

The long-term ramifications of the Bay of Pigs invasion are a little harder to assess. The ultimate indication of the invasion failure is that thirty-four years later Castro is still in power. This not only indicates the failure of the invasion, but American policy towards Cuba in general. The American policy rather than undermining Castros support, has probably contributed to it. As with many wars, even a cold one, the leader is able to rally his people around himself and national pride against an aggressor. When Castro came to power h instituted reforms to help the people and end corruption but now no longer receiving help from the Soviet Union things are beginning to change.

He has opened up the Cuban economy for some investment, mainly in telecommunications, oil exploration and joint ventures. In an attempt to stay in power he is trying to adapt his country to the new reality of the world. Rather than suppressing the educated elite he is giving them a place in guiding Cuba. The question is, will the eventually want more power and a right to control Cubas fate without Castros guidance and support? If the collapse of regimes is any indication, they will eventually want more power and freedom. When Castro came to power in 1959 the major opponents in America were the business interests who were losing out as a result of his policies.

The major pressure for the America to do something came, not only from the Cuban exiles in Florida, but from those businesses. Today, the tables are turned and businesses are loosing out because of the American embargo against Cuba. It is estimated that if the embargo were lifted one billion dollars worth of business would be generated for U. S. companies in the first year. Will American policy change toward Cuba because of pressure from business interests and growing problems with refugees from Cuba? Given the reasons why the United States got involved in Latin America politics in the first place, it is very likely that their position will change if they can find a face saving way to do so.

American policy at this time though is still stuck in the cold war. The Chairmen of Senate Foreign Relations Committee Jesse Helms said that, “Whether Castro leaves Cuba in a vertical or horizontal position is up to him and the Cuban people. But he must and will leave Cuba” The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion was caused by misinformation and mismanagement, the consequences of that was egg in the face for the Americans and increase in tension between the superpowers at the height of the cold war. We will only have to wait and see if the Americans have really learned their lesson and will not miss another opportunity to set things right in Cuba.