According to Goethe, “We do not have to visit a madhouse to find disordered minds; our planet is the mental institution of the universe. ” Despite the hyperbolic nature of Goethes statement, it holds some truth. Because of this element of truth, society looks to psychoanalysis as an important tool for understanding human nature. Furthermore, psychoanalytic criticism of authors, characters, and readers has a place in literary criticism that is as important as the place of psychoanalysis in society. This is because of the mimetic nature of much of modern literature.
In fact, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan wrote, “If psycho-analysis is to be constituted as the science of the unconscious, one must set out from the notion that the unconscious is structured like a language,”(1) thus directly relating literature the art of language – and psychoanalysis. Searching the database of the Modern Language Association for articles about the use of psychoanalysis for understanding Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man yields one article by Caffilene Allen, of Georgia State University, in Literature and Psychology in 1995.
Thus, further study of this subject seems warranted. As Allen points out, “Purely psychoanalytic interpretations of Invisible Man are rare, even though Ellison clearly threads the theories of at least Freud throughout his novel. “(2) Because of the rarity of psychoanalytic critiques of Invisible Man, this paper will examine the character of the invisible man in the Prologue and Epilogue of Ellisons masterpiece using the theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Jacques Lacan. The first step in this study should be to look at previous psychoanalytic critiques of Invisible Man.
As stated earlier, Caffilene Allens article showed itself as the only article of this type in the Modern Language Association database. Other researchers mention Freud, and Allen cites one other article of this type, but as Allen notes, “Even those critics who touch on Freud do not emphasize the relationship between his clinical theoriesand the literary action in Invisible Man. “(3) Allens own work focuses on the fact that Freuds book Totem and Taboo appears in Invisible Man, and she describes how the action of Invisible Man, possibly at the intention of Ellison, mirrors the theory of Totem and Taboo.
The use in this paper of three psychoanalysts to study the character of the invisible man makes this an article emphasizing psychoanalysis. Even though the focus of this current paper is quite different from Allens, some concerns she had about the limitations of such a study still must be recognized. One limitation to a psychoanalytic study is that Freud himself is limited and has become less than popular. (4) The use of Jung and Lacan in addition to Freud will combat this limitation. Another limitation is that Invisible Man is such a multifaceted work that it deserves analysis of all its parts. )
However, this study will take on only a small part of the text because of the post-modern attitude valuing studies of specific parts of texts in detail. A final limitation is that psychoanalysis is a field of speculation, and, as the editor of The Critical Tradition points out, “the hazards of speculation about characters are even greater than about authorsAnother problem stems from the fact that characters are both more and less than real persons. “(6) This limitation will not be a hindrance because the character of the invisible man will be analyzed independent of the author and the authors intentions.
Next, a brief background of each psychoanalyst will be given. According to the anthology The Critical Tradition, three stages exist at which psychoanalytic theory joins literature. That is, three minds can be examined: the mind of the author, the minds of the authors characters, or the mind of the reader as he reads. (7) The basis of this study is in the second of these two, the mind of the character. The theorists of use in this study are Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Jacques Lacan. As the father of psychoanalysis, Freud is an important theorist to reference.
Despite the limitations of his theories, their usefulness still exists, especially as a background for Jung and Lacan. The Freudian text at work in this analysis will be Civilization and Its Discontents. In this text, Freuds theories about aggression and the death drive are related to societal tensions that isolate the individual. Carl Gustav Jung was somewhat of a “son” to Freud, but he quickly outgrew his “fathers” theories, and, in an ironically dipal conflict, overthrew Freud as the leading psychotherapist. )
The buzzword of Jungian theory is “archetype,” so the text of his being used in this study is Four Archetypes. In The Critical Tradition, the editor gives the description of archetypes as “structures deep in the human unconscious. “(9) The editor continues and says, “In Jungian analysis, the patient recapitulates his life and looks for the ways in which symbols of the above-mentioned archetypes have been embodied within its texture. “(10) From Four Archetypes, the section on rebirth will be the most useful to this study.
Jungs essay “Rebirth” includes descriptions of five different forms of rebirth along with their psychological implications. Jacques Lacan, a more recent theorist than Freud or Jung, based his works on a revision of Freudian ideas. Lacan is the father of the philosophy of psychoanalysis. That is, he believed that psychoanalysis was a valid field of thought independent of its use as a medicinal therapy. (11)
In The Critical Tradition, the editor points out that “Lacan approached literature primarily as material that, properly interpreted, illustrated the major concepts of his psychology. 12) Since his theories are illustrated by literature, they will easily fit with this study. The Four Fundamentals of Psychoanalysis, a collection of lectures delivered by Lacan to the Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes, works with the current analysis of Invisible Man. In this text, Lacan included lectures on “The Split between the Eye and the Gaze” and “Alienation. ” Next, it is important to further explain the method behind selecting the Prologue and the Epilogue as the text from which to study the character of the invisible man.
The end was in the beginning,” writes the invisible man on page 571. (13) This statement refers to Invisible Man as a framed story. Because the action of the Prologue and the Epilogue occurs after the action of the novel, the unity of these two pieces should be a part of critical analyses. Ellison explains the action of the Prologue and the Epilogue in his essay “The Art of Fiction: An Interview:” The Prologue was written afterwards, really in terms of a shift in the heros point of view. I wanted to throw the reader off balance make him accept certain non-naturalistic effects.
It was really a memoir written underground, and I wanted a foreshadowing through which I hoped the reader would view the actions which took place in the main body of the bookThe Epilogue was necessary to complete the action begun when he set out to write his memoirs. (14) Ellison is saying that the Prologue and the Epilogue share the same position in the time continuum of the novel the present. Since the aim of this paper is to analyze the character of the invisible man, the important part of the novel is the part in the present.
Ellisons above passage also points out that the last part of the book that his invisible man wrote was the Prologue and the Epilogue, thus his most developed state of character lies within the pages of this final part of text. In this study, the character who writes the novel is of interest, not the character who lives the novel. Because of this the study will focus on the Prologue and the Epilogue. According to Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , ” Race, in much of the thinking about the proper study of literature in this century, has been an invisible quality, present implicitly at best. 15)
This “invisible quality” of race is part of the character of the invisible man in Ralph Ellisons novel; however, the causes of invisibility are much deeper than just race. Beginning with Freuds theories from Civilization and Its Discontents, a sentence from page four of Invisible Man will be analyzed. The invisible man writes about his frustrations toward society: You ache with the need to convince yourself that you do exist in the real world, that youre a part of all the sound and anguish, and you strike out with your fists, you curse and you swear to make them recognize you.
And alas, its seldom successful. (16) The first aspect of Freudian theory that must be applied here is that of the dipal struggle. The dipal struggle actually created society, according to Freud. If brothers had not needed to overthrow, be aggressive toward, or kill their father, then they would not have realized the effectiveness of communal living. (17) In other words, Freud posits that social living is a higher form than individuality because it came later and replaced aggression.
Thus, in the above quote, the invisible man seems to be reverting to a presocietal stage, in which his instincts are more in control than his learned behaviors. Freud, to emphasize that aggression is the psychosis and civilization the norm, says: Civilization, therefore, obtains mastery over the individuals dangerous desire for aggression by weakening and disarming it and by setting up an agency within him to watch over it, like a garrison in a conquered city. (18) Thus, civilization has lost its mastery over the invisible man because he feels the need “to strike out” with his fists.
A second point of interest while pursuing a Freudian critique comes on page fourteen, where the invisible man says, “I was the irresponsible one; for I should have used my knife to protect the higher interests of society. “(19) This particular passage is rather complicated. The invisible man seems to be expressing guilt with the phrase “for I should have. ” Part of the complication of this sentence relates to a psychological problem that Freud deals with. The invisible man has not properly shifted his instincts, and because of this he is frustrated by society.
Freud says, “The task here is that of shifting the instinctual aims in such a way that they cannot come up against frustration from the external world. “(20) Furthermore, guilt is supposed to arise after an act of aggression is carried out. In fact, the first feeling of guilt came after the initial band of brothers killed their father. On this topic, Freud reviews earlier works and says: We cannot get away from the assumption that mans sense of guilt springs from the dipus complex and was acquired at the killing of the father by the brothers banded together.
On that occasion an act of aggression was not suppressed but carried out. (21) The invisible mans sense of guilt has not developed properly, for his guilt comes from suppression, not aggression. A final passage to examine using Freud comes from page 573, when the invisible man says, “And my problem was that I always tried to go in everyones way but my own. “(22) Here we begin to see the invisible man looking inside himself for pleasure. He has found, through the writing of this book, great pleasure; whereas, in society, he had found little pleasure because his works were not his own.
Freud admits that “one gains the most if one can sufficiently heighten the yield of pleasure from the sources of psychical and intellectual work. “(23) The invisible man finds himself through the psychical work of writing this book. However, he still thinks he is invisible, and he lives underground. A particular passage from Freud seems useful here: While this procedure already clearly shows an intention of making oneself independent of the external world by seeking satisfaction in internal, psychical processes, the next procedure brings out those features yet more strongly.
In it, the connection with reality is still further loosened; satisfaction is obtained from illusions, which are recognized as such without the discrepancy between them and reality being allowed to interfere with enjoyment. The region from which these illusions arise is the life of the imagination; at the time when the development of the sense of reality took place(24) The invisible mans statement about going in everyones way but his own fits Freuds first procedure because this realization makes the invisible man independent. The second procedure refers to the invisibility of the invisible man.
The invisible mans satisfaction comes from his illusion that he is invisible. Both these characteristics arise, according to Freud, from the imagination. This then relates back to the invisible mans purpose in the Prologue and the Epilogue. His purpose is to relate the process he went through in order to create, from his mind, a novel about his supposed existence. Thus, the invisible man, when looked at through Freud, seems to be creating a story from a failed “development of the sense of reality. ” Theories of Freuds “son,” Carl Gustav Jung will be used next.
Using his theories from Four Archetypes, several statements made by the invisible man in the Prologue and in the Epilogue will be examined. First, in the Prologue, the invisible man says, “I have been boomeranged across my head so much that I now can see the darkness of lightness. “(25) Also, the invisible man, in the Prologue, explains why he is living underground by saying, “A hibernation is a covert preparation for a more overt action. “(26) Both darkness and hibernation indicate aspects of a cave, and Jung has something interesting to say about the result of being in a metaphorical cave:
I have chosen as an example a figure which plays a great role in Islamic mysticism, namely Khidr, the Verdant One. He appears in the Eighteenth Sura of the Koran, entitled The Cave. This entire Sura is taken up with a rebirth mystery. The cave is the place of rebirth, that secret cavity in which one is shut up in order to be incubated and renewedThe legend has the following meaning: Anyone who gets into that cave, that is to say into the cave which everyone has in himself, or into the darkness that lies behind consciousness, will find himself involved in an-at-first-unconscious process of transformation. 7)
Even though the invisible man does not yet realize what will become of his hibernation, he has become aware of the darkness and the cave in which he lives. These two images are important to his unconscious mind, and Jung sees their existence as an indicator of a rebirth to come. The next line of interest to this Jungian interpretation shows signs of the rebirth Jung predicted. In the Epilogue, the invisible man says, “The hibernation is over. “(28) It is important to note that Jung believes: Rebirth is not a process that we can in any way observe.
We can neither measure nor weigh nor photograph it. It is entirely beyond sense perception. (29) This statement is important because it indicates that rebirth cannot be identified by an external source. Jung places rebirth “beyond sense perception,” and, in doing so, leaves it solely for the individual to self-realize. After notifying his audience that his hibernation is over, the invisible man has the revelation that he is being reborn: Im shaking off the old skin and Ill leave it here in the hole. Im coming out, no less invisible without it, but coming out nevertheless.
And I suppose its damn well time. Even hibernations can be overdone, come to think of it. Perhaps thats my greatest social crime. Ive overstayed my hibernation, since theres a possibility that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play. (30) With this statement, the invisible man shows the world his rebirth which is beyond sense perception. Continuing with the skin-shedding metaphor, a type of rebirth will be assigned to the invisible man. Jung describes five types of rebirth at the beginning of his essay “Rebirth” in Four Archetypes.
The type of rebirth that relates to the invisible man is the fourth: The fourth form concerns rebirth in the strict sense; that is to say, rebirth within the span of individual lifeThis word [rebirth] has a special flavour; its whole atmosphere suggests the idea of renovatio, renewal, or even of improvement brought about by magical means. Rebirth may be a renewal without any change of being, inasmuch as the personality which is renewed is not changed in its essential nature, but only its functions, or parts of the personality, are subjected to healing, strengthening, or improvement
Another aspect of this fourth form is essential transformation, i. e. , total rebirth of the individual. Here the renewal implies a change of his essential nature, and may be called a transmutation. (31) The invisible man began by saying, “Im shaking off the old skin,” so the rebirth of the invisible man is within one life. The rebirth of the invisible man is within one life because he narrates his life within the book and ends in the present, as he began, and nowhere in his self-written text does he die or even seem to die. The rebirth is a complete renewal because of this shedding metaphor.
The renewal that happens to reptiles periodically, the renewal that allows reptiles to grow, happens metaphorically to the invisible man. Next, the invisible man revels in his realization that “its damn well time” for him to come out of hibernation. This indicates that there may not be a change in his essential nature, but that it is more the functions of his nature that are changing. As Jung put it, “parts of the personalityare subjected to healing, strengthening, or improvement. ” The invisible man, through his rebirth, improves himself by realizing that “even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play. “